diff --git a/docs/browser-capture-harness.md b/docs/browser-capture-harness.md
index c598f909f..b6e98ae49 100644
--- a/docs/browser-capture-harness.md
+++ b/docs/browser-capture-harness.md
@@ -19,6 +19,15 @@ Run it with the repo Electron:
 npm run capture-harness --workspace=@getpaseo/desktop
 ```
 
+On macOS the harness process must set `app.setActivationPolicy("accessory")` and
+hide the Dock icon before creating any window. `showInactive()` only prevents window
+focus; a normal Electron app launch can still activate the app and steal focus.
+Harness windows are then created hidden, positioned in a screen corner, skipped from
+the taskbar where Electron supports it, and revealed with `showInactive()` from
+`ready-to-show`. Do not replace this with `show()`, `focus()`, or `app.focus()`:
+the compositor only needs visible inactive windows, and harness runs must not steal
+focus from the person using the machine.
+
 The harness writes PNG evidence and `results.json` to:
 
 ```text
diff --git a/packages/desktop/capture-harness/bright.html b/packages/desktop/capture-harness/bright.html
index 9e37a4f5a..54a59da52 100644
--- a/packages/desktop/capture-harness/bright.html
+++ b/packages/desktop/capture-harness/bright.html
@@ -70,5 +70,20 @@
     <div class="sub">LOCAL MAGENTA TARGET 1280x800 VIEWPORT</div>
     <div class="block"></div>
     <div class="bottom">FULL PAGE MARKER AT Y=1370</div>
+    <script>
+      const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
+      const label = params.get("label");
+      const sub = params.get("sub");
+      const bottom = params.get("bottom");
+      if (label) {
+        document.querySelector(".label").textContent = label;
+      }
+      if (sub) {
+        document.querySelector(".sub").textContent = sub;
+      }
+      if (bottom) {
+        document.querySelector(".bottom").textContent = bottom;
+      }
+    </script>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/packages/desktop/capture-harness/index.html b/packages/desktop/capture-harness/index.html
index 83ca52968..2541787fc 100644
--- a/packages/desktop/capture-harness/index.html
+++ b/packages/desktop/capture-harness/index.html
@@ -43,10 +43,16 @@
       const RESIDENT_VIEWPORT_HEIGHT = 800;
       const host = document.getElementById("paseo-browser-resident-webviews");
       const params = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
-      const webviewCount = Math.max(2, Number(params.get("webviewCount")) || 2);
+      const requestedWebviewCount = params.has("webviewCount")
+        ? Number(params.get("webviewCount"))
+        : 2;
+      const webviewCount = Number.isFinite(requestedWebviewCount)
+        ? Math.max(0, requestedWebviewCount)
+        : 2;
       const webviews = [];
       const activeTokens = new Set();
       let nextTokenId = 0;
+      let permanentParkingState = params.get("permanentParkingState") || "";
 
       function appendHarnessWebview(sourceUrl) {
         const index = webviews.length;
@@ -112,6 +118,7 @@
       }
 
       function applyParking() {
+        permanentParkingState = "";
         applyHostParking();
         webviews.forEach((webview) => {
           applyStackedWebviewStyle(webview);
@@ -126,6 +133,7 @@
       }
 
       function applyCapturePrep() {
+        permanentParkingState = "";
         host.style.position = "fixed";
         host.style.left = "0";
         host.style.top = "0";
@@ -140,6 +148,99 @@
         host.style.transform = "";
       }
 
+      function applyHostPermanentBase() {
+        host.style.position = "fixed";
+        host.style.left = "0";
+        host.style.top = "0";
+        host.style.width = `${RESIDENT_VIEWPORT_WIDTH}px`;
+        host.style.height = `${RESIDENT_VIEWPORT_HEIGHT}px`;
+        host.style.overflow = "hidden";
+        host.style.opacity = "1";
+        host.style.pointerEvents = "none";
+        host.style.zIndex = "1";
+        host.style.clipPath = "";
+        host.style.visibility = "";
+        host.style.transform = "";
+        host.style.transformOrigin = "0 0";
+      }
+
+      function applyPermanentWebviewBase(webview, index) {
+        applyStackedWebviewStyle(webview);
+        webview.style.opacity = "1";
+        webview.style.transform = "";
+        webview.style.pointerEvents = "none";
+        webview.style.zIndex = "0";
+        webview.style.width = `${RESIDENT_VIEWPORT_WIDTH}px`;
+        webview.style.height = `${RESIDENT_VIEWPORT_HEIGHT}px`;
+        webview.style.left = "0";
+        webview.style.top = "0";
+      }
+
+      function applyPermanentParkingState(stateName) {
+        permanentParkingState = stateName;
+        activeTokens.clear();
+        applyHostPermanentBase();
+        webviews.forEach(applyPermanentWebviewBase);
+
+        if (stateName === "p1-overflow-1x1") {
+          host.style.width = "1px";
+          host.style.height = "1px";
+          host.style.overflow = "hidden";
+          return state();
+        }
+
+        if (stateName === "p2-clip-path-1x1") {
+          host.style.width = "1px";
+          host.style.height = "1px";
+          host.style.overflow = "visible";
+          host.style.clipPath = "inset(1px)";
+          return state();
+        }
+
+        if (stateName === "p3-opacity-0") {
+          host.style.opacity = "0";
+          return state();
+        }
+
+        if (stateName === "p4-transform-scale-0") {
+          host.style.transform = "scale(0)";
+          return state();
+        }
+
+        if (stateName === "p4-transform-scale-0001") {
+          host.style.transform = "scale(0.001)";
+          return state();
+        }
+
+        if (stateName === "p5-webview-0x0") {
+          webviews.forEach((webview) => {
+            webview.style.width = "0";
+            webview.style.height = "0";
+          });
+          return state();
+        }
+
+        if (stateName === "p5-webview-1x1") {
+          webviews.forEach((webview) => {
+            webview.style.width = "1px";
+            webview.style.height = "1px";
+          });
+          return state();
+        }
+
+        if (stateName === "p6-z-index-negative") {
+          host.style.zIndex = "-1";
+          return state();
+        }
+
+        if (stateName === "p7-opacity-001") {
+          host.style.opacity = "0.01";
+          return state();
+        }
+
+        throw new Error(`Unknown permanent parking state: ${stateName}`);
+      }
+
       function applyTargetStacking(targetIndex) {
         webviews.forEach((webview, index) => {
           applyStackedWebviewStyle(webview, index === targetIndex ? "2" : "0");
@@ -162,7 +263,7 @@
       function state(targetIndex = 0) {
         const hostRect = host.getBoundingClientRect();
         const targetWebview = webviews[targetIndex] || webviews[0];
-        const webviewRect = targetWebview.getBoundingClientRect();
+        const webviewRect = targetWebview?.getBoundingClientRect();
         return {
           hostStyle: {
             left: host.style.left,
@@ -172,6 +273,9 @@
             overflow: host.style.overflow,
             opacity: host.style.opacity,
             pointerEvents: host.style.pointerEvents,
+            zIndex: host.style.zIndex,
+            clipPath: host.style.clipPath,
+            transform: host.style.transform,
           },
           hostRect: {
             x: hostRect.x,
@@ -180,10 +284,10 @@
             height: hostRect.height,
           },
           webviewRect: {
-            x: webviewRect.x,
-            y: webviewRect.y,
-            width: webviewRect.width,
-            height: webviewRect.height,
+            x: webviewRect?.x ?? 0,
+            y: webviewRect?.y ?? 0,
+            width: webviewRect?.width ?? 0,
+            height: webviewRect?.height ?? 0,
           },
           webviews: webviews.map((webview) => {
             const rect = webview.getBoundingClientRect();
@@ -191,6 +295,7 @@
               id: webview.id,
               zIndex: webview.style.zIndex,
               position: webview.style.position,
+              opacity: webview.style.opacity,
               x: rect.x,
               y: rect.y,
               width: rect.width,
@@ -213,6 +318,16 @@
         addWebview(sourceUrl) {
           return appendHarnessWebview(sourceUrl || params.get("targetUrl") || "bright.html");
         },
+        addPermanentWebview(sourceUrl, stateName) {
+          const index = appendHarnessWebview(sourceUrl || params.get("targetUrl") || "bright.html");
+          applyPermanentParkingState(stateName || permanentParkingState);
+          return index;
+        },
+        async applyPermanentParkingState(stateName) {
+          const nextState = applyPermanentParkingState(stateName);
+          await waitFrames(2);
+          return nextState;
+        },
         async prepareForPixelCapture(targetIndex = 0) {
           const token = `capture-${++nextTokenId}`;
           activeTokens.add(token);
@@ -252,6 +367,10 @@
           return state();
         },
       };
+
+      if (permanentParkingState) {
+        applyPermanentParkingState(permanentParkingState);
+      }
     </script>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/packages/desktop/capture-harness/main.js b/packages/desktop/capture-harness/main.js
index 115265165..bea566a09 100644
--- a/packages/desktop/capture-harness/main.js
+++ b/packages/desktop/capture-harness/main.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 const fs = require("node:fs");
 const fsp = require("node:fs/promises");
 const path = require("node:path");
-const { app, BrowserWindow, nativeImage } = require("electron");
+const { app, BrowserWindow, nativeImage, screen } = require("electron");
 
 const ROOT = __dirname;
 const OUT_DIR = process.env.PASEO_CAPTURE_HARNESS_OUT_DIR || path.join(ROOT, "out");
@@ -11,15 +11,155 @@ const FULL_PAGE_HEIGHT = 1600;
 const CAPTURE_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
 const CAPTURE_RETRY_INTERVAL_MS = 200;
 const REPEAT_COUNT = 5;
+const FRESH_REPEAT_COUNT = 3;
+const SOAK_MS = Number(process.env.PASEO_CAPTURE_HARNESS_SOAK_MS || 75000);
+const HARNESS_GROUP = process.env.PASEO_CAPTURE_HARNESS_GROUP || "all";
+const PERMANENT_STATE_FILTER = new Set(
+  (process.env.PASEO_CAPTURE_HARNESS_STATES || "")
+    .split(",")
+    .map((state) => state.trim())
+    .filter(Boolean),
+);
+const PERMANENT_VARIANT_FILTER = new Set(
+  (process.env.PASEO_CAPTURE_HARNESS_VARIANTS || "")
+    .split(",")
+    .map((variant) => variant.trim())
+    .filter(Boolean),
+);
+const PERMANENT_CAPTURE_MODES = ["viewport", "full-page"];
+const PERMANENT_THROTTLING_VARIANTS = [
+  {
+    id: "capture-only-throttling",
+    code: "capture-only",
+    label: "backgroundThrottling disabled only during each capture",
+    disableGuestBackgroundThrottlingAtAttach: false,
+  },
+  {
+    id: "attach-off-throttling",
+    code: "attach-off",
+    label: "backgroundThrottling disabled once at guest attach",
+    disableGuestBackgroundThrottlingAtAttach: true,
+  },
+];
+const ATTACH_OFF_VARIANT_STATE_CODES = new Set(["P1", "P3", "P7"]);
+const PERMANENT_PARKING_STATES = [
+  {
+    id: "p1-overflow-1x1",
+    code: "P1",
+    label: "host 1x1 overflow hidden",
+  },
+  {
+    id: "p2-clip-path-1x1",
+    code: "P2",
+    label: "host 1x1 clip-path inset 1px",
+  },
+  {
+    id: "p3-opacity-0",
+    code: "P3",
+    label: "host full-size opacity 0",
+  },
+  {
+    id: "p4-transform-scale-0",
+    code: "P4a",
+    label: "host full-size transform scale(0)",
+  },
+  {
+    id: "p4-transform-scale-0001",
+    code: "P4b",
+    label: "host full-size transform scale(0.001)",
+  },
+  {
+    id: "p5-webview-0x0",
+    code: "P5a",
+    label: "webview element 0x0",
+  },
+  {
+    id: "p5-webview-1x1",
+    code: "P5b",
+    label: "webview element 1x1",
+  },
+  {
+    id: "p6-z-index-negative",
+    code: "P6",
+    label: "host full-size z-index -1 behind page",
+  },
+  {
+    id: "p7-opacity-001",
+    code: "P7",
+    label: "host full-size opacity 0.01",
+  },
+];
 
-function fileUrl(filePath) {
-  return new URL(`file://${filePath}`).toString();
+function applyEarlyMacHarnessActivationPolicy() {
+  if (process.platform !== "darwin") {
+    return;
+  }
+  try {
+    app.setActivationPolicy("accessory");
+  } catch {
+    // App readiness varies by Electron/macOS version; enforce again before windows.
+  }
+}
+
+function applyMacHarnessActivationPolicyBeforeWindows() {
+  if (process.platform !== "darwin") {
+    return;
+  }
+  app.setActivationPolicy("accessory");
+  app.dock?.hide();
+}
+
+applyEarlyMacHarnessActivationPolicy();
+
+function fileUrl(filePath, params = {}) {
+  const url = new URL(`file://${filePath}`);
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(params)) {
+    if (value !== undefined && value !== null) {
+      url.searchParams.set(key, String(value));
+    }
+  }
+  return url.toString();
 }
 
 function ensureDirSync(dir) {
   fs.mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true });
 }
 
+function cornerWindowBounds(width, height) {
+  const { workArea } = screen.getPrimaryDisplay();
+  const inset = 12;
+  return {
+    x: Math.round(workArea.x + workArea.width - width - inset),
+    y: Math.round(workArea.y + workArea.height - height - inset),
+    width,
+    height,
+  };
+}
+
+function createInactiveHarnessWindow(input) {
+  const { width, height, ...options } = input;
+  const win = new BrowserWindow({
+    ...options,
+    ...cornerWindowBounds(width, height),
+    show: false,
+    skipTaskbar: true,
+  });
+  const readyToShow = new Promise((resolve) => {
+    win.once("ready-to-show", () => {
+      if (!win.isDestroyed()) {
+        win.showInactive();
+      }
+      resolve();
+    });
+  });
+  return { win, readyToShow };
+}
+
+async function waitForInactiveReveal(handle, label) {
+  await withTimeout(handle.readyToShow, `${label} ready-to-show`);
+  await delay(250);
+}
+
 function withTimeout(promise, label) {
   let timeoutId;
   const timeout = new Promise((_, reject) => {
@@ -48,8 +188,11 @@ function analyzeImage(image, expected, guestMetrics) {
     return {
       width: 0,
       height: 0,
+      logicalWidthAtDpr: 0,
+      logicalHeightAtDpr: 0,
       brightRatio: 0,
       textNonUniform: false,
+      matchedSize: false,
       pass: false,
     };
   }
@@ -131,6 +274,51 @@ function analyzeImage(image, expected, guestMetrics) {
   };
 }
 
+function expectedForMode(mode) {
+  return mode === "viewport"
+    ? { width: VIEWPORT_WIDTH, height: VIEWPORT_HEIGHT, minBrightRatio: 0.65 }
+    : { width: VIEWPORT_WIDTH, height: FULL_PAGE_HEIGHT, minBrightRatio: 0.55 };
+}
+
+function summarizeAnalysis(analysis) {
+  if (!analysis) {
+    return {
+      width: 0,
+      height: 0,
+      logicalWidthAtDpr: 0,
+      logicalHeightAtDpr: 0,
+      brightRatio: 0,
+      textNonUniform: false,
+      matchedSize: false,
+      pass: false,
+    };
+  }
+  return {
+    width: analysis.width,
+    height: analysis.height,
+    logicalWidthAtDpr: analysis.logicalWidthAtDpr,
+    logicalHeightAtDpr: analysis.logicalHeightAtDpr,
+    brightRatio: analysis.brightRatio,
+    textNonUniform: analysis.textNonUniform,
+    matchedSize: analysis.matchedSize,
+    pass: analysis.pass,
+  };
+}
+
+function analysisSize(analysis) {
+  if (!analysis) {
+    return "0x0";
+  }
+  return `${analysis.width}x${analysis.height}`;
+}
+
+function analysisLogicalSize(analysis) {
+  if (!analysis) {
+    return "0x0";
+  }
+  return `${analysis.logicalWidthAtDpr}x${analysis.logicalHeightAtDpr}`;
+}
+
 function pass(message) {
   console.log(`PASS ${message}`);
 }
@@ -141,6 +329,7 @@ function fail(message) {
 }
 
 async function saveImage(image, outputPath) {
+  ensureDirSync(path.dirname(outputPath));
   await fsp.writeFile(outputPath, image.toPNG());
 }
 
@@ -236,6 +425,267 @@ async function captureFullPage(contents) {
   }
 }
 
+async function captureFullPageSequence(contents) {
+  const previousBackgroundThrottling = contents.getBackgroundThrottling();
+  contents.setBackgroundThrottling(false);
+  try {
+    contents.invalidate();
+    return await captureFullPage(contents);
+  } finally {
+    contents.setBackgroundThrottling(previousBackgroundThrottling);
+  }
+}
+
+function installHarnessWebviewGuards(win) {
+  win.webContents.on("will-attach-webview", (_event, webPreferences) => {
+    webPreferences.nodeIntegration = false;
+    webPreferences.contextIsolation = true;
+  });
+}
+
+function trackAttachedGuests(win, input = {}) {
+  const attachedGuests = [];
+  const waiters = [];
+  win.webContents.on("did-attach-webview", (_event, contents) => {
+    if (input.disableGuestBackgroundThrottlingAtAttach) {
+      contents.setBackgroundThrottling(false);
+    }
+    attachedGuests.push(contents);
+    const waiter = waiters.shift();
+    if (waiter) {
+      waiter(contents);
+    }
+  });
+  return {
+    attachedGuests,
+    waitForNextAttachedGuest() {
+      return new Promise((resolve) => {
+        waiters.push(resolve);
+      });
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+async function createPermanentHarnessWindow(state, variant) {
+  const handle = createInactiveHarnessWindow({
+    width: 1400,
+    height: 900,
+    backgroundColor: "#202020",
+    webPreferences: {
+      webviewTag: true,
+      contextIsolation: true,
+      nodeIntegration: false,
+      sandbox: false,
+    },
+  });
+  const { win } = handle;
+  installHarnessWebviewGuards(win);
+  const tracker = trackAttachedGuests(win, {
+    disableGuestBackgroundThrottlingAtAttach: variant.disableGuestBackgroundThrottlingAtAttach,
+  });
+  await withTimeout(
+    win.loadFile(path.join(ROOT, "index.html"), {
+      query: {
+        webviewCount: "0",
+        permanentParkingState: state.id,
+        targetUrl: fileUrl(path.join(ROOT, "bright.html")),
+      },
+    }),
+    "permanent harness window loadFile",
+  );
+  await waitForInactiveReveal(handle, "permanent harness window");
+  return { win, tracker };
+}
+
+async function createPermanentKeeperWindow() {
+  const handle = createInactiveHarnessWindow({
+    width: 1,
+    height: 1,
+    webPreferences: {
+      contextIsolation: true,
+      nodeIntegration: false,
+      sandbox: false,
+    },
+  });
+  const { win } = handle;
+  await withTimeout(win.loadURL("about:blank"), "permanent keeper loadURL");
+  await waitForInactiveReveal(handle, "permanent keeper");
+  return win;
+}
+
+async function closeHarnessWindow(win) {
+  if (!win.isDestroyed()) {
+    win.close();
+  }
+}
+
+function targetUrlForVariant(state, variant, phase, mode, index) {
+  const webviewNumber = index + 1;
+  return fileUrl(path.join(ROOT, "bright.html"), {
+    label: `${state.code} ${variant.code} ${phase.toUpperCase()} W${webviewNumber}`,
+    sub: `${mode.toUpperCase()} ${state.id} ${variant.code}`,
+    bottom: `${state.code} ${variant.code} FULL PAGE MARKER`,
+  });
+}
+
+function variantsForPermanentState(state) {
+  const defaultVariants = ATTACH_OFF_VARIANT_STATE_CODES.has(state.code)
+    ? PERMANENT_THROTTLING_VARIANTS
+    : [PERMANENT_THROTTLING_VARIANTS[0]];
+  if (PERMANENT_VARIANT_FILTER.size === 0) {
+    return defaultVariants;
+  }
+  return defaultVariants.filter(
+    (variant) =>
+      PERMANENT_VARIANT_FILTER.has(variant.id) || PERMANENT_VARIANT_FILTER.has(variant.code),
+  );
+}
+
+async function appendPermanentWebview({ win, tracker, state, sourceUrl }) {
+  const guestPromise = tracker.waitForNextAttachedGuest();
+  const targetIndex = await withTimeout(
+    renderer(
+      win,
+      `window.captureHarness.addPermanentWebview(${JSON.stringify(sourceUrl)}, ${JSON.stringify(state.id)})`,
+    ),
+    "permanent add webview",
+  );
+  const guest = await withTimeout(guestPromise, "permanent did-attach-webview");
+  return { guest, targetIndex };
+}
+
+async function measurePermanentCapture({
+  contents,
+  mode,
+  state,
+  variant,
+  phase,
+  repeatIndex,
+  repeatTotal,
+  targetIndex,
+  guestMetrics,
+  retryUntilPass = false,
+}) {
+  const outputPath = path.join(
+    OUT_DIR,
+    "permanent-parking",
+    variant.id,
+    state.id,
+    `${phase}-${mode}-webview-${targetIndex + 1}-${repeatIndex}.png`,
+  );
+  await fsp.rm(outputPath, { force: true });
+  const expected = expectedForMode(mode);
+  const start = Date.now();
+  const deadline = start + CAPTURE_TIMEOUT_MS;
+  let attempt = 0;
+  let lastAnalysis = null;
+  let lastError = "";
+  let lastImage = null;
+
+  while (Date.now() < deadline || attempt === 0) {
+    attempt += 1;
+    try {
+      const image =
+        mode === "viewport"
+          ? await capturePageSequence(contents)
+          : await captureFullPageSequence(contents);
+      lastImage = image;
+      lastAnalysis = analyzeImage(image, expected, guestMetrics);
+      if (lastAnalysis.pass) {
+        await saveImage(image, outputPath);
+        const latencyMs = Date.now() - start;
+        const result = {
+          group: "permanent-parking",
+          stateId: state.id,
+          stateCode: state.code,
+          stateLabel: state.label,
+          variantId: variant.id,
+          variantCode: variant.code,
+          variantLabel: variant.label,
+          attachTimeBackgroundThrottlingDisabled: variant.disableGuestBackgroundThrottlingAtAttach,
+          phase,
+          mode,
+          repeatIndex,
+          repeatTotal,
+          targetIndex,
+          attempts: attempt,
+          latencyMs,
+          outputPath,
+          error: null,
+          analysis: summarizeAnalysis(lastAnalysis),
+          pass: true,
+        };
+        pass(
+          `permanent ${state.code} ${variant.code} ${phase} ${mode} webview ${targetIndex + 1} ${repeatIndex}/${repeatTotal} attempts=${attempt} size=${analysisSize(lastAnalysis)} logical=${analysisLogicalSize(lastAnalysis)} bright=${lastAnalysis.brightRatio.toFixed(4)} text=${lastAnalysis.textNonUniform} file=${outputPath}`,
+        );
+        return result;
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      lastError = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+    }
+
+    if (!retryUntilPass) {
+      break;
+    }
+    const remainingMs = deadline - Date.now();
+    if (remainingMs <= 0) {
+      break;
+    }
+    await delay(Math.min(CAPTURE_RETRY_INTERVAL_MS, remainingMs));
+  }
+
+  if (lastImage && !lastImage.isEmpty()) {
+    await saveImage(lastImage, outputPath);
+  }
+  const latencyMs = Date.now() - start;
+  const bright = lastAnalysis ? lastAnalysis.brightRatio.toFixed(4) : "0.0000";
+  const textNonUniform = lastAnalysis ? lastAnalysis.textNonUniform : false;
+  const size = analysisSize(lastAnalysis);
+  const logicalSize = analysisLogicalSize(lastAnalysis);
+  const result = {
+    group: "permanent-parking",
+    stateId: state.id,
+    stateCode: state.code,
+    stateLabel: state.label,
+    variantId: variant.id,
+    variantCode: variant.code,
+    variantLabel: variant.label,
+    attachTimeBackgroundThrottlingDisabled: variant.disableGuestBackgroundThrottlingAtAttach,
+    phase,
+    mode,
+    repeatIndex,
+    repeatTotal,
+    targetIndex,
+    attempts: attempt,
+    latencyMs,
+    outputPath: lastImage && !lastImage.isEmpty() ? outputPath : null,
+    error: lastError || null,
+    analysis: summarizeAnalysis(lastAnalysis),
+    pass: false,
+  };
+  console.log(
+    `FAIL permanent ${state.code} ${variant.code} ${phase} ${mode} webview ${targetIndex + 1} ${repeatIndex}/${repeatTotal} attempts=${attempt} size=${size} logical=${logicalSize} bright=${bright} text=${textNonUniform} error=${lastError || "pixel verdict failed"} file=${result.outputPath || "none"}`,
+  );
+  return result;
+}
+
+async function writePermanentParkingResults(results) {
+  await fsp.writeFile(
+    path.join(OUT_DIR, "permanent-parking-results.json"),
+    `${JSON.stringify(
+      {
+        generatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+        soakMs: SOAK_MS,
+        states: PERMANENT_PARKING_STATES,
+        variants: PERMANENT_THROTTLING_VARIANTS,
+        results,
+      },
+      null,
+      2,
+    )}\n`,
+  );
+}
+
 async function captureWithPrep({
   win,
   contents,
@@ -269,7 +719,7 @@ async function captureWithPrep({
         const image =
           mode === "viewport"
             ? await capturePageSequence(contents)
-            : await captureFullPage(contents);
+            : await captureFullPageSequence(contents);
         const analysis = analyzeImage(image, expected, guestMetrics);
         const size = `${analysis.width}x${analysis.height}`;
         const logicalSize = `${analysis.logicalWidthAtDpr}x${analysis.logicalHeightAtDpr}`;
@@ -314,7 +764,9 @@ async function expectLegacySecondWebviewFailure({ win, contents, mode, guestMetr
   const outputPath = path.join(OUT_DIR, `${mode}-legacy-webview-${targetIndex + 1}.png`);
   try {
     const image =
-      mode === "viewport" ? await capturePageSequence(contents) : await captureFullPage(contents);
+      mode === "viewport"
+        ? await capturePageSequence(contents)
+        : await captureFullPageSequence(contents);
     await saveImage(image, outputPath);
     const expected =
       mode === "viewport"
@@ -372,8 +824,307 @@ async function captureFreshDelayedWebview({ win, waitForNextAttachedGuest, mode
   });
 }
 
+async function runPermanentFreshPhase(state, variant, results) {
+  for (let repeatIndex = 1; repeatIndex <= FRESH_REPEAT_COUNT; repeatIndex += 1) {
+    for (const mode of PERMANENT_CAPTURE_MODES) {
+      const { win, tracker } = await createPermanentHarnessWindow(state, variant);
+      try {
+        const sourceUrl = targetUrlForVariant(state, variant, "fresh", mode, 0);
+        const { guest, targetIndex } = await appendPermanentWebview({
+          win,
+          tracker,
+          state,
+          sourceUrl,
+        });
+        const guestMetrics = await readGuestMetrics(guest);
+        results.push(
+          await measurePermanentCapture({
+            contents: guest,
+            mode,
+            state,
+            variant,
+            phase: "fresh",
+            repeatIndex,
+            repeatTotal: FRESH_REPEAT_COUNT,
+            targetIndex,
+            guestMetrics,
+            retryUntilPass: true,
+          }),
+        );
+      } finally {
+        await closeHarnessWindow(win);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+async function runPermanentSettledAndSoakPhases(state, variant, results) {
+  const { win, tracker } = await createPermanentHarnessWindow(state, variant);
+  try {
+    const targets = [];
+    for (const mode of PERMANENT_CAPTURE_MODES) {
+      const sourceUrl = targetUrlForVariant(state, variant, "settled", mode, targets.length);
+      const target = await appendPermanentWebview({ win, tracker, state, sourceUrl });
+      targets.push({ mode, ...target });
+    }
+    await Promise.all(targets.map((target) => waitForGuestLoad(target.guest)));
+    await delay(250);
+    const guestMetrics = new Map();
+    for (const target of targets) {
+      guestMetrics.set(target.targetIndex, await readGuestMetrics(target.guest));
+    }
+
+    for (const target of targets) {
+      for (let repeatIndex = 1; repeatIndex <= REPEAT_COUNT; repeatIndex += 1) {
+        results.push(
+          await measurePermanentCapture({
+            contents: target.guest,
+            mode: target.mode,
+            state,
+            variant,
+            phase: "settled",
+            repeatIndex,
+            repeatTotal: REPEAT_COUNT,
+            targetIndex: target.targetIndex,
+            guestMetrics: guestMetrics.get(target.targetIndex),
+          }),
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
+    console.log(`SOAK permanent ${state.code} idle ${SOAK_MS}ms`);
+    await delay(SOAK_MS);
+
+    for (let repeatIndex = 1; repeatIndex <= REPEAT_COUNT; repeatIndex += 1) {
+      for (const target of targets) {
+        results.push(
+          await measurePermanentCapture({
+            contents: target.guest,
+            mode: target.mode,
+            state,
+            variant,
+            phase: "soak",
+            repeatIndex,
+            repeatTotal: REPEAT_COUNT,
+            targetIndex: target.targetIndex,
+            guestMetrics: guestMetrics.get(target.targetIndex),
+          }),
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  } finally {
+    await closeHarnessWindow(win);
+  }
+}
+
+async function runPermanentMultiTabPhase(state, variant, results) {
+  const { win, tracker } = await createPermanentHarnessWindow(state, variant);
+  try {
+    const targets = [];
+    for (let index = 0; index < 3; index += 1) {
+      const sourceUrl = targetUrlForVariant(state, variant, "multi", "multi", index);
+      const target = await appendPermanentWebview({ win, tracker, state, sourceUrl });
+      targets.push(target);
+    }
+    await Promise.all(targets.map((target) => waitForGuestLoad(target.guest)));
+    await delay(250);
+    const guestMetrics = new Map();
+    for (const target of targets) {
+      guestMetrics.set(target.targetIndex, await readGuestMetrics(target.guest));
+    }
+
+    for (const target of targets.slice(1, 3)) {
+      for (const mode of PERMANENT_CAPTURE_MODES) {
+        results.push(
+          await measurePermanentCapture({
+            contents: target.guest,
+            mode,
+            state,
+            variant,
+            phase: "multi-tab",
+            repeatIndex: 1,
+            repeatTotal: 1,
+            targetIndex: target.targetIndex,
+            guestMetrics: guestMetrics.get(target.targetIndex),
+          }),
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  } finally {
+    await closeHarnessWindow(win);
+  }
+}
+
+async function createOccludingWindow(targetWindow) {
+  const bounds = targetWindow.getBounds();
+  const handle = createInactiveHarnessWindow({
+    width: bounds.width,
+    height: bounds.height,
+    alwaysOnTop: true,
+    backgroundColor: "#101010",
+    webPreferences: {
+      contextIsolation: true,
+      nodeIntegration: false,
+      sandbox: false,
+    },
+  });
+  const { win: blocker } = handle;
+  await blocker.loadURL(
+    "data:text/html;charset=utf-8,<html><body style='margin:0;background:#101010'></body></html>",
+  );
+  await waitForInactiveReveal(handle, "occluding window");
+  blocker.setAlwaysOnTop(true);
+  await delay(500);
+  return blocker;
+}
+
+async function runPermanentWindowHostilityPhase(state, variant, results) {
+  const { win, tracker } = await createPermanentHarnessWindow(state, variant);
+  let blocker = null;
+  try {
+    const targets = [];
+    for (const mode of PERMANENT_CAPTURE_MODES) {
+      const sourceUrl = targetUrlForVariant(state, variant, "hostile", mode, targets.length);
+      const target = await appendPermanentWebview({ win, tracker, state, sourceUrl });
+      targets.push({ mode, ...target });
+    }
+    await Promise.all(targets.map((target) => waitForGuestLoad(target.guest)));
+    await delay(250);
+    const guestMetrics = new Map();
+    for (const target of targets) {
+      guestMetrics.set(target.targetIndex, await readGuestMetrics(target.guest));
+    }
+
+    blocker = await createOccludingWindow(win);
+    for (const target of targets) {
+      results.push(
+        await measurePermanentCapture({
+          contents: target.guest,
+          mode: target.mode,
+          state,
+          variant,
+          phase: "window-occluded",
+          repeatIndex: 1,
+          repeatTotal: 1,
+          targetIndex: target.targetIndex,
+          guestMetrics: guestMetrics.get(target.targetIndex),
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+    await closeHarnessWindow(blocker);
+    blocker = null;
+
+    win.minimize();
+    await delay(800);
+    for (const target of targets) {
+      results.push(
+        await measurePermanentCapture({
+          contents: target.guest,
+          mode: target.mode,
+          state,
+          variant,
+          phase: "window-minimized",
+          repeatIndex: 1,
+          repeatTotal: 1,
+          targetIndex: target.targetIndex,
+          guestMetrics: guestMetrics.get(target.targetIndex),
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+  } finally {
+    if (blocker) {
+      await closeHarnessWindow(blocker);
+    }
+    await closeHarnessWindow(win);
+  }
+}
+
+async function runPermanentParkingState(state, variant, results) {
+  console.log(`STATE permanent ${state.code} ${variant.code} ${state.label}`);
+  await runPermanentFreshPhase(state, variant, results);
+  await writePermanentParkingResults(results);
+  await runPermanentSettledAndSoakPhases(state, variant, results);
+  await writePermanentParkingResults(results);
+  await runPermanentMultiTabPhase(state, variant, results);
+  await writePermanentParkingResults(results);
+  await runPermanentWindowHostilityPhase(state, variant, results);
+  await writePermanentParkingResults(results);
+}
+
+async function runPermanentParkingGroup() {
+  const results = [];
+  await fsp.rm(path.join(OUT_DIR, "permanent-parking"), { recursive: true, force: true });
+  await fsp.rm(path.join(OUT_DIR, "permanent-parking-results.json"), { force: true });
+  const keeper = await createPermanentKeeperWindow();
+  const states =
+    PERMANENT_STATE_FILTER.size === 0
+      ? PERMANENT_PARKING_STATES
+      : PERMANENT_PARKING_STATES.filter(
+          (state) => PERMANENT_STATE_FILTER.has(state.id) || PERMANENT_STATE_FILTER.has(state.code),
+        );
+  console.log(`RUN permanent-parking states=${states.length} soakMs=${SOAK_MS}`);
+  try {
+    for (const state of states) {
+      for (const variant of variantsForPermanentState(state)) {
+        try {
+          await runPermanentParkingState(state, variant, results);
+        } catch (error) {
+          const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+          console.log(`FAIL permanent ${state.code} ${variant.code} fatal error=${message}`);
+          results.push({
+            group: "permanent-parking",
+            stateId: state.id,
+            stateCode: state.code,
+            stateLabel: state.label,
+            variantId: variant.id,
+            variantCode: variant.code,
+            variantLabel: variant.label,
+            attachTimeBackgroundThrottlingDisabled:
+              variant.disableGuestBackgroundThrottlingAtAttach,
+            phase: "fatal",
+            mode: "setup",
+            repeatIndex: 1,
+            repeatTotal: 1,
+            targetIndex: 0,
+            attempts: 0,
+            latencyMs: 0,
+            outputPath: null,
+            error: message,
+            analysis: summarizeAnalysis(null),
+            pass: false,
+          });
+          await writePermanentParkingResults(results);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } finally {
+    await closeHarnessWindow(keeper);
+  }
+  return results;
+}
+
 async function main() {
   ensureDirSync(OUT_DIR);
+  if (!["all", "existing", "permanent-parking"].includes(HARNESS_GROUP)) {
+    fail(`unknown harness group ${HARNESS_GROUP}`);
+  }
+
+  if (HARNESS_GROUP === "permanent-parking") {
+    const permanentParkingResults = await runPermanentParkingGroup();
+    await fsp.writeFile(
+      path.join(OUT_DIR, "results.json"),
+      `${JSON.stringify(
+        {
+          generatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+          permanentParkingResults,
+        },
+        null,
+        2,
+      )}\n`,
+    );
+    pass(`capture harness permanent-parking complete output=${OUT_DIR}`);
+    return;
+  }
 
   const attachedGuests = [];
   const freshGuestWaiters = [];
@@ -385,10 +1136,9 @@ async function main() {
     new Promise((resolve) => {
       freshGuestWaiters.push(resolve);
     });
-  const win = new BrowserWindow({
+  const handle = createInactiveHarnessWindow({
     width: 1000,
     height: 700,
-    show: true,
     backgroundColor: "#202020",
     webPreferences: {
       webviewTag: true,
@@ -397,6 +1147,7 @@ async function main() {
       sandbox: false,
     },
   });
+  const { win } = handle;
 
   win.webContents.on("will-attach-webview", (_event, webPreferences) => {
     webPreferences.nodeIntegration = false;
@@ -416,6 +1167,7 @@ async function main() {
   await win.loadFile(path.join(ROOT, "index.html"), {
     query: { targetUrl: fileUrl(path.join(ROOT, "bright.html")), webviewCount: "2" },
   });
+  await waitForInactiveReveal(handle, "capture harness window");
   await withTimeout(guestsPromise, "did-attach-webview");
   await Promise.all(attachedGuests.map((guest) => waitForGuestLoad(guest)));
   await renderer(win, "window.captureHarness.waitForFrames(2)");
@@ -504,9 +1256,20 @@ async function main() {
     }
   }
 
+  const permanentParkingResults = HARNESS_GROUP === "all" ? await runPermanentParkingGroup() : [];
+
   await fsp.writeFile(
     path.join(OUT_DIR, "results.json"),
-    `${JSON.stringify({ generatedAt: new Date().toISOString(), guestMetrics, results }, null, 2)}\n`,
+    `${JSON.stringify(
+      {
+        generatedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+        guestMetrics,
+        results,
+        permanentParkingResults,
+      },
+      null,
+      2,
+    )}\n`,
   );
   pass(`capture harness complete output=${OUT_DIR}`);
 
@@ -516,8 +1279,14 @@ async function main() {
 }
 
 app
+  .on("window-all-closed", () => {
+    // The permanent parking sweep intentionally opens and closes many phase windows.
+  })
   .whenReady()
-  .then(main)
+  .then(() => {
+    applyMacHarnessActivationPolicyBeforeWindows();
+    return main();
+  })
   .then(() => app.quit())
   .catch(async (error) => {
     console.error(error);